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Changes to the Soviet Union's Working Week
Read the text and answer Questions 27–40. A. The Soviet Union's first Five Year Plan was intended to turn the weak and undeveloped country into a powerful, modern, indust…
Child's Play in Medieval England
A. 'Play up! Play up! And play the game!' The ringing chorus of Sir Henry Newbolt's celebrated cricket poem Vitai Lampada (1908) sums up views about play in 19th- and ear…
Children's Comprehension
Children's Comprehension How young children understand stories — and why the process is far more complex than it appears eading comprehension is conventionally treated as…
Children's comprehension of television advertising
A. In 1874, long before the advent of television, the English Parliament passed a law to protect children 'from their own lack of experience and from the wiles of pushing…
Classical music over the centuries
A. The production of any great art form, and classical music is no exception, does not usually occur in a society dominated by the basic material demands of food and shel…
Classifying Societies
A. Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the deg…
Coins - the first form of money
A. Few people pay much attention to coins; we take them for granted. Since the advent of paper currency and the abandonment of a monetary system based on intrinsic or act…
Coins - the first form of money
14 AFew people pay much attention to coins; we take them for granted. Since the advent of paper currency and the abandonment of a monetary system based on intrinsic or ac…
Computer games
A. It's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game. In the age of computers, that statement takes on new meanings: a video game cannot ever really be defeated…
Conformity
A. A review of conformity and some of the studies that have been done on it . During your childhood, there will have been some kind of craze which affected all the people…
Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Coral reefs are colonies of tiny living animals found in marine waters that contain …
Corporate Social Responsibility
A. Broadly speaking, proponents of CSR have used four arguments to make their case: moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation. The moral appeal…
Corporate Social Responsibility
Broadly speaking, proponents of CSR have used four arguments to make their case: moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation. The moral appeal — …
Cranberry Fruit
A. Cranberries are among the few fruits native to North America that have been grown commercially for centuries. These small, crimson berries thrive only in very unique e…
Creating a Better Grapefruit
A. There is a reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses. Most people don't want to drink more than a few ounces at a time. This is because a natural chemica…
Creating a Better Grapefruit
By blocking the right taste receptors, biotech researchers turn bitter into sweet. AThere is a reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses. Most people don’t …
Crisis! Freshwater
Crisis! Freshwater Why the world's supply of fresh water is under growing pressure — and what needs to change A. Fresh water — the water suitable for drinking, irrigation…
Crossing the Threshold
The renovated Auckland Art Gallery in New Zealand unites old and new, creating an irresistible urge to step inside Architects are finding it very difficult in today's cul…
Dark Chocolate's Health-giving Benefits
A. We can choose our friends, the saying goes, but we cannot choose our family of origin. Our parents provide the genetic material and make powerful early role models, bu…
Deafhood
Deafhood How a new concept transformed the way Deaf communities understand themselves — and challenged hearing society's assumptions about disability A. The concept of De…
Decision-Making Under Uncertainty
Decision-Making Under Uncertainty How cognitive biases, emotion, and the limits of information shape the choices we make when outcomes are unknown A Human beings make dec…
Developmental Tasks of Normal Adolescence
Some years ago, Professor Robert Havighurst of the University of Chicago, USA, proposed that stages in human development can best be thought of in terms of the developmen…
Dirty River But Clean Water
Floods can occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to h…
Do Animals Dream?
Studies using electrodes attached to the heads of sleepers have shown that when we sleep, we do so in two ways that alternate throughout the night. The first is rapid eye…